Crambe meal and crude glycerin from biodiesel production in diets for finishing of crossbred cattle in feedlot.

Our hypothesis is that crambe meal can totally substitute soybean meal and crude glycerin can partially replace the corn in the diet without leading to losses of nutrient intake and productive performance. Two assays were performed using heifers and steers. In the first assay, 24 Beefalo-Nellore heifers with 18 months old with 311.5 ± 5.5 kg, and in the second assay, 24 Beefalo-Nellore steers with 18 months old with 317.0 ± 6.4 kg were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete design, in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, consisting of two energy sources (corn and crude glycerin) and two protein sources (soybean meal and crambe meal). Both assays had 104 experimental days of feedlot. There was no interaction between the variation sources. There was an effect of protein source on nutrient intake for heifers except to neutral detergent fiber intake, which presented effect of energy source. Heifers fed soybean meal showed higher results for total weight gain and daily weight gain. There was observed effect of energy source on rib eye area and subcutaneous fat thickness. Steers fed soybean meal showed higher neutral detergent fiber intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates. Steers fed corn + crude glycerin showed higher results for total weight gain and daily weight gain. The steers fed soybean meal showed higher averages for subcutaneous fat thickness. Crambe meal and crude glycerin can be used as alternative sources of energy and protein to replace 100% of soybean and 50% of corn, respectively, for finishing Beefalo-Nellore cattle in a feedlot.

Consequences of Using Artificial Nipples in Exclusive Breastfeeding: An Integrative Review / Consequências do uso de bicos artificiais para a amamentação exclusiva: uma revisão integrativa / Consecuencias del uso de pezones artificiales para la lactancia exclusiva: una revisión integradora

Objetivo: describir las consecuencias del uso de picos artificiales para la lactancia exclusiva. Materiales y método: revisión integradora realizada en las bases de datos Medline®, Cinahl, Lilacs, Web of Science e Scopus para contestar a la siguiente cuestión: ¿cuál es la influencia que ejerce en la lactancia la oferta de picos artificiales a los recién nacidos? Resultados: se analizaron 38 artículos; el análisis originó dos categorías: factores neonatales y factores maternos de influencia en la lactancia exclusiva. La interrupción de la lactancia materna fue el factor neonatal más asociado al uso de picos artificiales, mientras el nivel de escolaridad materno se destacó como factor interviniente en la lactancia exclusiva. El chupo fue el pico artificial más encontrado citado, seguido del biberón y del protector mamilar. Conclusiones: las consecuencias de la oferta de picos artificiales a los bebés em la lactancia son, en su mayoría, negativas y relacionadas con el neonato, como el desmame temprano y el rechazo al seno, la succión perjudicada, el agarre inadecuado, la interferencia en el desarrollo orofacial y la interrupción de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Las madres que ofrecieron picos artificiales a sus hijos están más propensas a sentir dolor, tener fisura mamilar, frustración y reducción de la interacción con su hijo.

Objetivo: descrever as consequências do uso de bicos artificiais para a amamentação exclusiva. Materiais e método: revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados Medline®, Cinahl, Lilacs, Web of Science e Scopus para responder à seguinte questão: qual a influência que a oferta de bicos artificiais aos recém-nascidos exerce na amamentação? Resultados: foram analisados 38 artigos; a análise deu origem a duas categorias: fatores neonatais e fatores maternos de influência na amamentação exclusiva. A interrupção do aleitamento materno foi o fator neonatal mais relacionado ao uso de bicos artificiais, enquanto o nível de escolaridade materno destacou-se como fator interveniente na amamentação exclusiva. A chupeta foi o bico artificial mais encontrado citado, seguido da mamadeira e do protetor mamilar. Conclusões: as consequências da oferta de bicos artificiais às crianças em amamentação são, em sua maioria, negativas e relacionadas ao neonato, como o desmame precoce, a recusa do peito, a sucção prejudicada, a pega incorreta, a interferência no desenvolvimento orofacial e a interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo. As mães que ofereceram bicos artificiais aos seus filhos estão mais propensas a ter dor, fissura mamilar, frustração e redução da interação com seu filho.

Objective: To describe the consequences of using artificial nipples to exclusive breastfeeding. Materials and method: An integrative review carried out in the Medline®, Cinahl, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to answer the following question: What are the consequences of using artificial nipples to exclusive breastfeeding? Results: 38 articles were analyzed; the analysis gave rise to two categories: neonatal factors and maternal factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding. Breastfeeding interruption was the neonatal factor most associated with the use of artificial nipples, while the level of maternal education stood out as an intervening factor in exclusive breastfeeding. Pacifiers were the dummy type more commonly mentioned, followed by feeding bottles and nipple shields. Conclusions: The consequences of offering artificial nipples to breastfed infants are mostly negative and associated with the newborn, such as early weaning, refusal to breastfeed, impaired suction technique, incorrect latch-on, interference with orofacial development, and interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers who offered artificial nipples to their infants are more likely to experience pain, nipple fissures, frustration, and reduced interaction with their infants.

Biofuel by-product can replace partially corn in supplement for Angus × Nellore heifers: productive performance and meat characteristics.

The aim of this is study was to test the hypothesis that corn can be partially replaced by crude glycerin (at a level of 50%) without affecting performance, ingestive behavior, ruminal parameters, meat composition, and fatty acids profile on the meat of heifers. Sixty-four intact plus four rumen cannulated Angus × Nellore heifers (359.0 ± 12.15 kg BW) were used. The cannulated animals received the same diets as the intact ones to determine the ruminal N-NH3 concentration, pH, and chewing activity weekly. All heifers were maintained in Brachiaria brizantha pasture and supplemented with a concentrate containing corn, soybean meal, urea, premixed minerals, and glycerin partially replacing corn. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with two treatments (corn ground or glycerin + corn ground). The inclusion of crude glycerin (high fat) decreased nutrients intake and ruminal N-NH3 concentration in the rumen but increased lipid intake. Inclusion of glycerin had no effect (P > 0.05) on ruminal pH, daily gain, performance, time spent eating, rumination, idling, or water intake. The moisture, ash, and protein contents of meat were not affected (P > 0.05) by crude glycerin intake. Crude glycerin increased saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0) and decreased unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2n6c and C20:1) in meat. Despite the reduction in nutrient intake, we recommend crude glycerin to replace corn in concentrate because glycerin did not impair the performance, meat composition, and ruminal pH. Therefore, crude glycerin is a by-product that can partially replace corn in diets efficiently.

Lipid rich diet from sunflower seeds can alter the proportion of fatty acids on hybrid Beefalo × Nellore cattle.

We evaluated the lipid level effects in the diet on performance, carcass, and meat characteristics of forty-eight steers and heifers, F1 Beefalo (Bostaurus taurus × Bison bison hybrid) × Nellore (Bos taurus indicus), 22 months old, being 24 steers (393.2 ± 15 kg) and 24 heifers (278.4 ± 8 kg). The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (lipid levels in diet 55-, 65-, 75-, and 85-g/kg dry matter obtained by whole sunflower grain Helianthus annuus and two sexes). Increased amounts of sunflower grain in diet linearly reduce the proportion of saturated fatty acids (FA) in longissimus thoracis. Diets containing up to 85 g/kg of lipid can be used without negative effects on intake, carcass, and meat quality of Beefalo-Nellore steers and heifers and can be an effective strategy to reduce the proportion of saturated FA and increase unsaturated FA on the meat, which can be beneficial for human consumption.

Effect of a trace mineral injection at weaning on growth, antioxidant enzymes activity, and immune system in Nellore calves.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) at the time of weaning on growth, antioxidant, and immune response of Nellore (Bos indicus) calves. Weaned calves (n = 159; 213 ± 32 kg) were stratified by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: injection (1 mL/45 kg of BW) of saline or ITM. Saline solution consisted of 0.9% NaCl, whereas ITM had 60, 10, 5, and 15 mg/mL of Zn, Mn, Se, and Cu, respectively. The application of ITM increased (P ≤ 0.04) the plasma concentrations of superoxide dismutase on day 7 and plasma glutathione peroxidase on day 7 and day 21. The ITM calves had greater leukocyte concentration on day 64 (P = 0.04), whereas neutrophil and mast cell concentrations did not differ (P ≥ 0.67) between treatments. The ITM calves tended (P ≤ 0.08) to have greater concentrations of lymphocytes on day 64 and eosinophils on day 21, but not (P ≥ 0.15) monocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin compared to saline calves. The ITM calves had less mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC; P = 0.02) and tended to have increased platelet concentrations on day 21 (P = 0.08). Growth performance did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.78). Thus, ITM at weaning did not impact growth performance, but increased plasma concentrations of antioxidant enzymes and blood platelets, improved components of the immune system, and reduced MCHC of Nellore calves.